Three cone opsin genes and cone cell arrangement in retina of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thunnus orientalis</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   In bluefin tuna aquaculture, collision of juveniles with the tank or net walls is a major cause of high mortality. This problem may be related to color sensibility of the visual mechanisms of this species. As a first step in understanding of color vision of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis , we applied a molecular technique and histology to study cone cell distribution in the retina of juvenile fish. We isolated three cone opsin genes encoding one blue-sensitive ( SWS2 ) and two green-sensitive ( RH2 ) visual pigments. In situ hybridization revealed that SWS2 mRNA is localized in the single-cone photoreceptors. The localization of the two RH2 signals in distinct cone cells was not determined, probably because of the high homology between the two RH2 genes. Single-cone photoreceptors appeared frequently in the ventral–temporal retina in approximately 80-mm fish and in the temporal retina in approximately 230-mm fish. These cone distributions may define a visual field with best color contrast vision in front and above the fish with a short wavelength (blue) reflecting target (sensed by single cones), and may be enhanced against the longer wavelength (green) background when fish see a target below them (sensed by double cones).     

金枪鱼延绳钓环形钩和圆形钩钓获率比较

根据"华远渔18号"和"华远渔19号"两艘冰鲜金枪鱼延绳钓渔船2005年9月15日~12月12日在印度洋热带公海水域(0°47′~10°16′N,61°40′~70°40′E)作业期间收集的数据,以每千钩钓获尾数和平均净重,对环型钩与圆型钩对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的选择性、钓获率差异等进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同钓具漂移速度下环型钩与圆型钩各自对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的选择性无显著差异;不同钓具漂移速度下环型钩与圆型钩之间对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的钓获率无显著差异;环型钩与圆型钩之间对大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼渔获物净重无显著差异。     

Movements,behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in waters surrounding the Revillagigedo Islands Archipelago Biosphere Reserve,Mexico

The movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, following capture and release with archival tags in the Revillagigedo Islands Archipelago Biosphere Reserve (RIABR), Mexico, are described from analyses of 16 578 days of time‐series data, downloaded from 52 archival tags recovered from yellowfin (78–173 cm in length and 1.7–8.0 yr of age) at liberty from 93 to 1773 days ( = 411 days), collected during 2006–2012. An unscented Kalman filter model with sea‐surface temperature measurements integrated (UKFsst) was used to process the archival tag data sets to obtain improved estimates of geographic positions, most probable tracks (MPTs), and movement parameters. The MPTs indicate restricted movements, low levels of dispersion, and fidelity of yellowfin tuna to the RIABR. The median parameter estimates from the UKFsst model for errors in longitude (σ_x) and latitude (σ_y) were 0.46° and 1.84°, respectively, for directed movements (u and v) –0.05 NM day^?1 and –0.05 NM day^?1, respectively, and for dispersive movement (D) 117.99 NM² day^?1. Analyses of daily timed depth and temperature records resulted in the classification of the data into four distinct behaviors. There are significant differences among ages in the durations of Type I and Type II diving behaviors and in the daytime and nighttime vertical habitat utilization distributions. The oceanography surrounding the RIABR appears to have a profound influence on the movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin in this area.     

世界主要金枪鱼捕捞产量分析

根据FA0 1950 ～ 2011年世界主要金枪鱼类渔业生产数据统计,将长鳍金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和鲣鱼等8种世界主要金枪鱼类每10年的产量总和按不同鱼种和海域进行了总结.结果显示,鲣鱼的累计总产量最高,其平均年产量涨幅最快;除马苏金枪鱼年平均产量有所下降,北方蓝鳍金枪鱼保持稳定外,其他主要金枪鱼类均有增长,但平均增长率最高的是青干金枪鱼.各主要渔区中以中西太平洋海域累计总产量最高,平均年产量有上升趋势,大西洋海域以中东大西洋为产量最高,印度洋海域以西印度洋为产量最高,平均增长率以印度洋海域为最高,其他海域相对持平.我国（包括台湾省）捕获累计总产量最高的是鲣鱼,为418×104 t,占世界总产量比例最高的是长鳍金枪鱼,为22.9％.我国（包括台湾省）主要金枪鱼类捕获总产量占世界总产量比例最高为东南大西洋海域,最低为东南太平洋海域.论文结合世界主要金枪鱼类以及主要捕捞海域的开发现状和我国国情,提出我国目前面临的几点困难以及发展壮大我国金枪鱼渔业的建议.     

金枪鱼围网沉降性能对自由鱼群捕获率的影响

本研究分析了2006-2012年中国金枪鱼围网船队89个网次的沉降性能与捕获率之间的关系,结果表明:(1)网具中部最大沉降深度的95％置信区间为195.3～209.3 m,网具中部平均沉降速度的95％置信区间为0.181～0.192 m/s; (2)海上测定的数据显示,不同沉降速度组对应的捕获率具有显著性差异(P＜0.1),捕获率随着沉降速度的增加明显上升(20.0％～66.7％),而捕获率在不同沉降深度组间呈现出无规律的变化;(3)Logistic回归全模型的筛选结果表明,虽然沉降深度(D)的回归系数差异不显著(P＞0.1),但投网成功的概率与沉降速度(回关系紧密(P＜0.1),模型预测的不同沉降速度所对应的捕获率也与实际观察结果相吻合.由此建议在今后研究中应致力于提高网具沉降速度而非增加网具沉降深度.     

北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼年龄与生长初步研究

北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)是金枪鱼渔业的主要捕捞对象之一,其资源的养护和管理日益受到各方关注,鱼类年龄鉴定是渔业资源研究的重要内容之一。根据2013~2014年北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼探捕所采集的227个脊椎骨样本,用不同的染色方法分成4组进行年龄的鉴定,选用线性模型、指数模型和幂指数模型对叉长和脊椎骨半径进行拟合,最后选出结果最好的鉴定组和拟合模型,通过年龄鉴定估算长鳍金枪鱼的Von Bertalanffy生长方程。研究结果表明,北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的叉长范围为52~104 cm,优势叉长组为81~90 cm,占总数的83.1%;年龄组成以5、6龄较多,占样本总数的80.86%。最终得到北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼生长方程为:Lt=109.180 2[1-e~(-0.258 783(t-1.991 28))],t_(tp)=2.25。     

Comparison of the behavior of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (T. obesus) tuna associated with drifting FADs in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean

We evaluated the behavior of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye tuna (T. obesus) associated with drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean. A total of 30 skipjack [34.5–65.0 cm in fork length (FL)], 43 yellowfin (31.6–93.5 cm FL) and 32 bigeye tuna (33.5–85.5 cm FL) were tagged with coded transmitters and released near two drifting FADs. At one of the two FADs, we successfully monitored the behavior of all three species simultaneously. Several individuals remained around the same FAD for 10 or more days. Occasional excursions from the FAD were observed for all three species, some of which occurred concurrently for multiple individuals. The detection rate was higher during the daytime than the nighttime for all the species, and the detection rate for bigeye tuna was higher than for yellowfin or skipjack tuna. The swimming depth was deeper during the daytime than nighttime for all species. The fish usually remained shallower than 100 m, but occasionally dived to around 150 m or deeper, most often for bigeye and yellowfin tuna during the daytime. The swimming depth for skipjack tuna was shallower than that for bigeye and yellowfin tuna, although the difference was not large, and is probably not sufficient to allow the selective harvest of skipjack and yellowfin tuna by the purse seine fishery. From the detection rate of the signals, bigeye tuna is considered to be more vulnerable to the FAD sets than yellowfin and skipjack tuna.     

金枪鱼渔业国际组织的公正性评述

为养护高度洄游、跨界的金枪鱼资源,建立了五个金枪鱼国际组织,使公海金枪鱼渔业从自由竞争走向了以国际渔业组织为平台的合作、竞争时代。但是,由渔业发达国家主导建立的资源利用和养护规则与习惯国际法、1982年联合国海洋法公约、国际环境法确立的国际法基本原则并不完全一致。相对比例过高的金枪鱼组织成员资格费,配额分配或捕捞能力限制过分地与历史渔获量和所谓的科学贡献关联,只和短期内的年均渔获量低程度关联的财政分摊方案等都有损于新兴远洋渔业国、沿海国、群岛国享有的渔业权益。建议重视国际渔业法和环境法理论研究,积极参加金枪鱼组织基本文件修订工作,和有关国家一起建立更加公正的国际渔业秩序,并应努力提高企业的国际竞争力,增强国际谈判的博弈实力。     

大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼资源开发与养护问题分析

长达数十年的持续不断的高强度捕捞使得大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼资源处于严重衰退状态。通过渔获数据分析大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼资源开发状况,结合区域渔业管理制度和养护措施,探讨大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼管理存在的问题与不足。分析认为:各个国家出于本国利益考虑忽视总可捕量的科学建议,使得大西洋金枪鱼养护国际委员会最终确定的总可捕量高于科学家们的建议量;现有分配机制有失公平,偏离国际法公平原则,因而其不能有效引导各国采取积极养护措施;大西洋金枪鱼养护国际委员会对大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼捕捞活动监管是整个管理过程中脆弱的环节,且因缺乏有效执行机制而未能有效限制非法捕捞。提出改善总可捕量设定过高现状,使总可捕量设定符合使资源达到最大可持续产量的目标;改进配额分配机制,保障大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼资源利用的公平合理;加强大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼捕捞活动监管,完善入渔管理机制,推动成员履约。     

Relationship Between Water Migration and Quality Changes of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) During Storage at 0°C and 4°C by LF-NMR

This study investigated postmortem changes of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and water migration upon storage at 0°C and 4°C as determined by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR ¹H). It clearly showed that with increasing storage time, sensory scores and physical evaluations (hardness, chewiness), proton density of the water, and moisture content decreased, while total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), K value, aerobic plate counts (APCs), and psychrotrophic bacterial counts increased. The results of LF-NMR showed that T₂₁ (trapped water) had extremely significant correlations with sensory evaluation, texture profile analysis, TVB-N, K value, APC, and psychrotrophic bacteria (p < 0.01) and established multiple linear regression. It was concluded that the LF-NMR was an important technique to evaluate storage time and temperature of yellowfin tuna’s quality in terms of water migration during low-temperature storage.